Sports in the 1940s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports in the 1940s - Essay Example This paper discusses sports in the 1940s in regard to the life and career of one of the black athletes of that era, Joe Louis. In the 1940s, boxing was as big as other sporting activities like baseball. Due to the advancement of television technology, a huge number of fans were able to watch boxing/fights at their homes. Joe Louis was among the famous and boxing legends that started their boxing career during this decade. Just like the other players, boxing players were not over drafted including Jack, Louis, and Montgomery (Lindop & Goldstein, 2010). Louis held the boxing title since the year 1937 to 1949 before he was knocked by Robinson. Born in the year 1914 in Alabama, Joe Louis succeeded to become one of the heavyweight boxers in the world. Due to the poor financial status of his family, Joe Louis was less educated and involved himself with old jobs to help his parents and siblings. Afterwards, Louis gained interest towards cabinet making career. He temporarily attended Bronson Vocational School and during off-times, he could join violin lessons. Later on, a friend of Joe Louis suggested that he should try boxing. Joe Louis did not become an immediate success and he was defeated continuously in his first fights due to his lightweight (Freedman, 2013). In the year 1934, Louis won the national AAUL (Amateur Athletic Union light-heavyweight) title and terminated his amateur career astonishing fort three knockouts in fifty four matches. During his career, Louis defeated six subsequent or previous heavyweight champions: Max Baer, Primo Carnera, James J. Braddock, Jack Sharkey, Kersey Joe Walcott, and Max Schmeling. Louis who was nicknamed Brown Bomber achieved the world’s heavyweight champion by knocking down Braddock in the year 1937 and held this title until the year 1949. When the United States began its war with German in the year 1941,

Punk Rock Essay Example for Free

Punk Rock Essay American exceptionalism is a pivotal concept within the American culture. Stemming from a revolution, this theory shaped a new way of thinking within the United States that seemed far different from many other cultures. Seymour Martin Lipset used this concept to explain, â€Å"why the United States is the only industrialized country which does not have a significant socialist movement or Labor party. † This essentially explains why America is extraordinary. Punk personifies American exceptionalism with its distinct lifestyle to be different from the norm, and is surrounded by independent self-governing thinkers. The United States didn’t become what it is today because of law abiding and passive citizens. This is also a main reason why Punk Rock became so popular in America, and has stayed relevant to teens and young adults all over the world. People began to thrive on understanding the history of this nation, and take pride in the originality of our constitution, and way of life. Punk Rock adds another chapter in the long list of independent concepts and ideas within the American Culture. â€Å"America marches to a different drummer. Its uniqueness is explained by any or all of a variety of reasons: history, size, geography, political institutions, and culture. † This type of â€Å"American† thinking continues to inspire all kinds of musicians, but more so with the Punk Rock genre than any other. It was defines the core competencies of the bands, as well as that of their followers. This defining concept of individualism is also why Punk Rock has stayed relevant for all of these years. This country was built off this impression, as well as Punk Rock. It is hard to break down the barrier of individualism, because everyone is so unique, and Punk Rock simply unites and celebrates all different types of unique thinking. Through lyrics from bands such as the Romones, Blink 182, and The Clash, a colossal following came to Punk Rock. The lyrics almost became anthems to band groupies lives. In â€Å"The Shape of Things to Come† by the Romones, they sing â€Å"Theres a new sun Risin up angry in the sky? And theres a new voice Sayin were not afraid to die. One could argue that that way of thinking was backbone for what soldiers in the American Revolution stood for, and how the United States became to be what it is today. Of course American exceptionalism has its negative aspects to it that can be looked down upon. The United States has at times been exceptionally bad, racist, and violent. This cannot be ignored in the conversation of American exceptionalism. Although some of this demonstrates unfair and harsh governing, it shows that the American spirit still have that Punk Rock â€Å"drive† in them that fuels and strengthens them. This is also another reason why Punk Rock has, and will always continue to stay relevant in todays American Culture

Changes vs. Improvements :: Social Issues Government Essays

Changes vs. Improvements Intolerance, war, inequality and poverty - these are just a few of the issues found in the texts that we have read this semester. Even though some of them were written hundreds of years ago, the same problems still exist in our world today. Many things have changed over time, but they have not necessarily improved. Today, we are still involved in wars and violence with our continued presence in Iraq, Afghanistan and other foreign countries. We still persecute the poor by raising taxes and cutting funds to the programs like Medicaid and Welfare, while making it easier on the upper classes. We are very intolerant of the practices and beliefs of others whether it is homosexuality, different religious beliefs or opinions on abortion. Most of these issues have been problems in the past, and unless we do something to change them, they will continue to be problems in the future. There is no better place to find examples of today’s social problems than the newspaper. In the April 15 issue of the Creightonian, the April 14 and April 18 issues of the Omaha World Herald there were an abundance of articles about problems today. Despite the fact that writers and other artists were dealing with them hundreds of years ago, these problems are still on the forefront in today’s society. In the Omaha World Herald, there were many articles related to war. They were primarily about the involvement of the United States in Iraq. In one, it referred to a kidnapped American man and how he was videotaped at gunpoint, holding his passport to his chest and apparently pleading the U.S. to withdraw its troops from Iraq. In response, President George Bush’s spokesman said, â€Å"Our position is well-known when it comes to negotiating.† This seems to be a prime example of the idea of â€Å"One man, or many?† meaning it is better to sacrifice the life of this one man rather than risk the lives of many. This makes the Bush administration seem cold and heartless and shows our stubbornness when it comes to leaving Iraq. Instances like this reaffirm that it will undoubtedly take a major event for us to exit their country. Another article from the Omaha World Herald was about keeping U.S. troops in Afghanistan.

Malcolm X Essay -- Civil Rights African American Essays

Malcolm X   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Malcolm X was a man of strong words and beliefs. Some say that he was a man of hate and violence. Some also say that he was a smart man of hope and peace. Malcolm X‘s influence on people was felt more than it was alive rather than dead. Malcolm X was a major contributor to the black societies across the world. He fought for what he believed in and educated the young. Though his early life was full of up’s and downs he managed to, what some would say, â€Å"turn his life around†. In doing this he managed to gain the upper hand of the African American culture by giving them the hope that one day they would if not own be apart of, what he called, â€Å"white mans society†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska. Malcolm’s father was murdered by a white supremacists group while in Lancing, Michigan. His mother was declared legally insane and committed to the state mental hospital. Because of that Malcolm X had no parental guidance in his young adult life. Malcolm X also dropped out of school also after the murder of his father, and from then on Malcolm turned to the streets for guidance. On the street he was he known as a hustler. He earned money by stealing and selling it back to the community or by conning others in buying bad products from him. On the streets, he was also known as Detroit Red. When Malcolm was Twenty, Malcolm X was sentenced to eight to ten years in prison. He was sentenced to prison because of breaking and entering, carrying firearms, and Larceny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Prison he was given the nick name Satan because of his foul mouth. While in prison Malcolm taught his self to read. So while incarcerated he studied the N.O.I which stands for the nation of Islam. He first learned about the Nation of Islam from letters, from his brother Reginald, in Jail he became an ordinary reader to the other prisoners about the Nation of Islam. During his jail time he received contact with the leader of the Nation of Islam, Elijah Muhammad. As their verbal contact continued, they began to write each other daily.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Malcolm was released from jail in 1952. When he left jail he went to Chicago to meet Elijah Muhammad. There in Chicago he changed his name from Malcolm Little to Malcolm â€Å"X†. Malcolm said that the â€Å"X† meant to tell the non-appreciation of his slave name. Also it was to symbolize the missing of an appropriate Muslim n... ...iving, people still hold on to the words that he spoke when he believed that minority’s deserved something better than equality. He began to see and realize that whites are not devils and in order for the world to grow and for blacks to prosper everyone must come together. Malcolm’s life and murder enraged a whole community to stand up and fight. He gave people faith, hope, and courage that one day things would get better. Yes he taught violence and he was willing to do anything for his people, to see them live a great life. But it was just for that reason so that people could see that everyone had a right to live a life that in that time the white man lived. He was seen as a racist, but all people had a problem with a person from a different color so he was just as racist as the next man. He finally realized that being together was the only way to get through and prosper, but in the days of him speaking this truth, he was murdered. He was never given the chance to become something like Dr. Martin L. King and preach about being as one, because of the fear that people had of him. He was changing once again like he did many times in his life, only this time his time ran short.

Heat Capacity Ratio of Gases

Experiment 1 The Heat Capacity Ratio of Gases Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to calculate the heat capacity ratio of gases, Helium, Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide, and compare with their theoretical values. Introduction Thermodynamics is the study of heat as it relates to energy and work. There are various properties which all relate to each other when determining the characteristic of a certain substance.One of such properties is heat capacity, which is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Kelvin. Mathematically, it is ? = q? T , where q is the amount of heat absorbed by a substance and ? T is the change in temperature measured. When substances absorb heat, their molecules translate, rotate and vibrate due to the rise in temperature . As a result of the motion of movement of molecules in these modes, there is a contribution of energy towards determining the heat capacity of that substance.The heat capacity is, however, defi ned through constant volume (Cv) or constant pressure (Cp) with a relationship, Cp = Cv + nR and CpCv , the heat capacity ratio for ideal gases which is further determined by obtaining the pressure difference with atomospheric pressure in adiabatic conditions. That is lnp1-lnp2lnp1-lnp3. The energy contribution through the modes of movement of molecules is the total of their, translational, rotational and vibrational energies. For ideal gases, this can be calculated theoretically as a result of their classes, Monatomic, Diatomic and Linear polyatomic.Monatomic gases such as Helium, move in translation with the energy 32RT. Diatomic gases such as Nitrogen, move in all 3 modes with the energy 72RT. And the linear polyatomic gases such as CO2 move with the energy 132RT. The constant volume heat capacity for these ideal gases can be determined as a result of its relationship with these energies as the energy U = nRT and Cv is the derivative with respect to volume. i. e Cv = ? U? Tv . Th is leads to the following Cv for the 3 classes of gases; 12. 5 Jmol*K for monatomic, 29.1 Jmol*K for diatomic, and 54. 0 Jmol*K for linear polyatomic. Data Room Temperature = 16. 2 oC  ± 0. oC p2 = Room Pressure Room Pressure = 760. 84 mmHg  ± 0. 22 mmHg Helium Trial| P1 (mmHg)( ±0. 3)| P3 (mmHg)( ±0. 3)| 1| 300. 4| 75. 6| 2| 275. 7| 69. 0| 3| 281. 9| 74. 8| Carbon Dioxide Trial| P1 (mmHg)( ±0. 3)| P3 (mmHg)( ±0. 3)| 1| 290. 3| 34. 1| 2| 277. 8| 25. 3| 3| 283. 1| 40. 1| The values for Helium and Carbon dioxide were gotten from the other group who performed the experiment. Nitrogen Trial| P1 (mmHg)( ±0. 3)| P3 (mmHg)( ±0. 3)| 1| 278. 7| 63. 7| 2| 286. 6| 89. 7| 3| 270. 5| 58. 9| 4| 294. 2| 85. 0| 5| 285. 5| 89. 7| 6| 291. 4| 70. 0| 7| 268. 1| 54. 1| 8| 289. 0| 64. 8| 9| 281. 5| 65. 8| 10| 265. 3| 59. 7|Values in bold are the 3 best trial obtained. Answers to Questions 1) C, mathematical defined as C = q? T , is the heat capacity, the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Kelvin. Cv, is the heat capacity per unit volume while, Cp , is the heat capacity per unit pressure. Both are related mathematically by the equation Cp = Cv + nR. The expected heat capacity for the three classes of gases are as follows Monatomic = 3R2=12. 5 Jmol. K Diatomic = 7R2=29. 1 Jmol. K Linear triatomic = 13R2=54. 0 Jmol. K The equations leading to the heat capacity ratio, ? , is summarized by CpCv= ln(p1p2)ln? p1p3) The vibrational contribution to Cv can be determined once the vibrational frequencies of the molecule is known. That is Rx2e-x where is x>5 . x = (NA hRT)v Where NA = Avogadro's number, h = Planck's constant and v = vibration frequency.2) Data obtained in the experiment is presented in the data section above. 3) Sample error calculation 2300. 42*0. 32+760. 842*0. 222 =817. 9962127 2817. 99621271061. 242+0. 22760. 842 = 0. 770793 275. 62*0. 32+760. 842*0. 222 =168. 9143383 2817. 99621271061. 242+168. 9143383836. 442 = 0. 79681 0. 7707931. 39482677 = 0. 55261 0. 796811. 26875807 = 0. 6280336 20. 552610. 327702282+0. 62803361. 268758072 = 3. 12 This was applied to calculate all errors in the heat capacity ratios below. Helium Trial| ? = ln(p1p2)ln? (p1p3)| Error| 1| ln(300. 4+760. 84760. 84)ln? (300. 4+760. 8475. 6+760. 84) = 1. 40|  ± 3. 12| 2| ln(275. 7+760. 84760. 84)ln? (275. 7+760. 8469. 0+760. 84) = 1. 39|  ± 3. 12| 3| ln(281. 9+760. 84760. 84)ln? (281. 9+760. 8474. 8+760. 84) = 1. 43|  ± 3. 12| Carbon Dioxide Trial| ? = ln(p1p2)ln? (p1p3)| Error| 1| ln(290. 3+760. 84760. 84)ln? (290. 3+760. 8434. 1+760. 84) = 1. 16|  ±3. 08| 2| ln(277. 8+760. 84760. 84)ln? (277. 8+760. 8425. 3+760. 84) = 1. 12|  ± 3. 07| 3| ln(283. +760. 84760. 84)ln? (283. 1+760. 8440. 1+760. 84) = 1. 19|  ±3. 08| Nitrogen Trial| ? = ln(p1p2)ln? (p1p3)|Error| 1| ln(278. 7+760. 84760. 84)ln? (278. 7+760. 8463. 7+760. 84) = 1. 35|  ± 3. 11| 2| ln(289. 0+760. 84760. 84)ln? (289. 0+760. 8464. 8+760. 84) = 1. 34| à ‚ ± 3. 11| 3| ln(265. 3+760. 84760. 84)ln? (265. 3+760. 8459. 7+760. 84) = 1. 34|  ± 3. 11| 4) Theoretical Cv for CO2 Translation = 3R2 = 3*8. 3142 = 12. 471 Jmol*K Rotational =22 R = 8. 314 Jmol*K Vibrational v1 = 4. 02 x 1013 s x = NA hRTv = 6. 02 x 1023*6. 63 x 10-348. 314*2984. 02 x 1013 = 6. 48 Therefore contribution = 8. 314(6. 48)2 * e-6. 48 =0. 54 Jmol*K 3 = 7. 05 x 1013 s x = NA hRTv = 6. 02 x 1023*6. 63 x 10-348. 314*298 7. 05 x 1013 = 11. 36 therefore contribution = 8. 314(11. 36)2 * e-11. 36 = 0. 013 Jmol*K v2 = v4 = 2. 00 x 1013 x = NA hRTv = 6. 02 x 1023*6. 63 x 10-348. 314*298 2. 00 x 1013 = 3. 22 This is less than 5. therefore contribution = 8. 314* 3. 222 *e3. 22e3. 22 -12 = 3. 74Jmol*K Cv for CO2 = 12. 471 +8. 314 +0. 54 +0. 013 + 2(3. 74) = 28. 818 = 29. 0 Jmol*K 5) Cp,m = Cv,m + R so Cv,m = RCp,mCv,m- 1 Average experimental ? CO2 = 1. 16+1. 12+1. 193 = 1. 16 Therefore Experimental Cv,m = 8. 3141. 16 – 1 = 51. 96 = 52. 0 JK While Theoretical Cv,m = 8. 141 . 29-1 = 28. 67 = 29. 0 JK Percentage error = 29 -5229*100 = 79% 6) Experimental ratio were precise but not accurate to the theoretical values as calculated Gas| Average ratio| Percentage error (%)| Helium| 1. 40+1. 39+1. 433 = 1. 41| 1. 67-1. 411. 67*100 = 15. 57| Nitrogen| 1. 34+1. 34+1. 353 = 1. 34| 1. 40-1. 341. 40*100 = 4. 29| Carbon dioxide| 1. 16+1. 12+1. 193 =1. 16| 1. 29-1. 161. 29*100 = 10. 08| Sources of experimental errors would include; leakage through the hose connecting the gas cylinder to the adiabatic vessel and the speed with which the brass cover plate is replaced after the gas expansion.The vibrational contribution to Cv is very much dependent on the temperature. At low temperature, the contribution is zero. As the temperature increases, the lowest vibrational energy is comparable to RT and therefore some contribution to the constant volume heat capacity. While at high temperatures the contribution is at its highest. Conclusion The experiment was successful as th e heat capacity ratios were achieved to minimal errors from the theoretical values. Reference 1. Thomas Engel, Physical Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2010, pg 21-22, 806 – 807. 2. Lab manual for Chem 2103, experiment 1. 3. Tip for Experiment 1 on CUlearn.

Reflection of Black Like Me essays

Reflection of Black Like Me essays The book I read was called Black Like Me and the author is John Howard Griffin. John Howard Griffin is also the main character, author, and narrator of the story. He is a middle-aged white southerner who wanted racial justice in 1959. His plan is to make his skin color darker and posing as a black man. He calls medical information services and tells them what he plans to do and they give him three names of some Dermatologists. The first name on the list he gives a call and gets an appointment immediately. He is exposed to ultraviolet rays and takes a medication orally. Within a week he looks like a black man. He then makes sure us has full support from George Levitan who is the editor for a black-oriented magazine called Sepia. This magazine is going to fund Griffins excursion. Everywhere he goes he is insulted and experiences difficulties. He cant find jobs or bathrooms to use that he had no problems using when he was a white man. No one takes his money and is bullied a round all the time by white people. Its been several days now and Griffin decides to travel to Mississippi and Alabama, which happens to be worse than New Orleans. He is very tired and losing hope and calls P.D. East who is a white newspaperman. P.D. East also is very opposed to racism. Griffin spends one day with P.D. East and they talk about how the legal code of the south is influenced by writers and politicians. After spending the day with his friend he ventures throughout Alabama and Mississippi. In Montgomery however Martin Luther King J.R. shines no light on the black community. Its called passive resistance and its a nonviolent way to deal with the racist laws. He starts to switch from a black man to a white man because he is starting to lose hope in the whole plan (this is the climax of the story). He will first go somewhere as a black man and then go to the same place as a white man and spot the differ...

Acid Deposition

Acid Deposition Introduction Nearly every element of within the periodic table has found its way into the atmosphere. As an ease when studying the element and there species composition of compounds in the atmosphere, Seinsfield and Pandis (21) suggest categorizing of the atmospheric compounds as containing halogens, sulfur, carbon or nitrogen.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Acid Deposition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Probably, this classification rides on the fact that emissions into the atmosphere breakdown from original compounds into component species before exiting the atmosphere in a cyclic phenomenon. Actually, the cyclic process of substances is contained in the biogeochemical cycle of elements. The scope of understanding the cyclic processes comprises atmospheric movement across Oceania, land terrains, biospheres, inter alia; chemical transitions (quantity and quality) of the substances and rates of circulatio n and transfer (Seinsfield and Pandis 21). The geographical paradigm gives this subject the spatial and temporal references, since the transportation aspect is a vector quantity that can be justified through a scalar quantity of time and direction. Mehta (124) explains that in 1852, Robert Angus Smith made-up the term acid rain. It was not until 1972, when the concept of acid rain became familiar in the western industrial world. The term referred to atmospheric acidity levels (at pH above 5.6) that surpass normal levels for rain, fog and smog. The precipitation (deposition) of these acidic concentrates impacted on ecosystems, antiquities and human health. Acid rain was traced back into the gradual Geo-biological processes within nature and accelerated volcanic emissions (Mehta 124). The problematic scope of acid deposition gained wider magnitude when it was realized that it evolved into a trans-boundary affair. It was revealed that there was mobility of precursor elements emitted fr om the industrial heartlands in Europe and North America.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Emissions containing precursors- sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen (referred to as NOX species) form the major bulk of acid rain. In order to effect solutions towards acid rain, a critical loads framework on emission cuts and ecosystem recovery was developed. Already, Europe has generated maps depicting critical loads. Driscoll, Lambert and Chen (28) note that in the US three forms of acid deposition have occurred. These are wet, dry and cloud or fog depositions. Through research, more than 200 sites have been monitored as experiencing wet deposition consisting of rain, snow, sleet and hail. Dry deposition consists of vapor, particles and gases. Some coastal areas and high altitudes have been exposed to dry and cloud deposition. Driscoll, Lambert and Chen (28) e xplain that the pattern of dry and cloud deposition widely varies spatially and temporally; thus, making it intricate to give consistent characteristics. Because dry and cloud deposition can accompany the other two deposition forms then researchers have resorted to bulk deposition measuring using open collector. Literature Review Tracking Acid Rain: The Case study of The Rust Belt, US Case Background The industrial heartlands of the US are located in the Rust Belt (Midwestern American). The Rust Belt extends into Canada within the Canadian Heartlands. EIR/LaRouche Youth Movement Economics Team (2006) describes the Rust Belt as covering Pennsylvania and New York (Western) this extends into Missouri. A quarter of the US populace resides within the industrial heartland. Mair et al. (361) indicate that heartland is at the center of a major transplant corridor for automobile manufacturers from the Asian and European world. These industrial plants were strategically located to give them a competitive advantage in production capacity and market supply. The interest of the Asian investors to set up automobile plants in the US was driven by the protectionist belief of cutting down their exports into America (Mair et al. 355).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Acid Deposition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mair et al (354) explains that the conceptual approach of the automobile plants was Just-in-Time to imply that the target was mass production to meet the demand within an area and the adjacent environs of America. Not only did the heartlands host automobile plants but also other electrical utilities and metal plants. While the metal plants are in the east; the automobile plants are in the west of the heartland. Heartlands greatly symbolize the economic capacity and industrial advancements achieved. Figure 1: Map of Heartland of North America Source: â€Å"The Industrial Heartland of North A merica† Lind (148) explains that long term rainfall data in the heartland area gave indications of acid rain. This has translated to heavy environmental damage. The extent of damage has contributed to a reduction in industrial development. This has translated into economic losses. In the far Northeast and outside the industrial heartland, the problem of acid rain continues to persist. Actually, about 33 percent of emissions causing acid rain in the down wind area (that is, far Northeast) traces back from the automobile sites in the Midwest (the source area). Lind (149) notes that economic factors have motivated the use of coal conversion and the combustion of sulfur containing coal. From an economic geography perspective, heartlands are tailored to receive raw inputs to facilitate industrial activities. Nevertheless, strategizing for the heartland location the risk regime and environmental impacts should be factored in. Lind (150) observes that effort to reach at a negotiated equitable solution between the source areas and the downwind areas have failed. Factors Contributing to Acid Rain Formation Acid rain has a set of preconditions that facilitate the formation process (Wang and Wang 2297). The concentration of the emitted precursor elements, compounds in rainfall, aerosols and their capacity to buffer and weather conditions are some of the contributory factors leading to acid formation.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 2: Conceptual Framework to Acid Rain Formation Figure 3: Acid Rain Cycle Source: Downing, Ramankutty and Shah (14) Airborne pollution due to release of Sulfur dioxide and NOX species is the primary source of precursor elements leading to acid rain. Once in the atmosphere, these pollutants undergo a chemical interaction with atmospheric water and oxygen (Downing, Ramankutty and Shah 13). In the presence of other atmospheric chemicals, sulfur dioxide and NOX species end up forming sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Emissions can remain within the atmosphere longer and a drift to far places prior to deposition on the surface. Prevailing winds play an important role in drifting the pollutants. Deposition of acid rain takes many forms such as dew, snow, fog, so on (Downing, Ramankutty and Shah 13). Use of fossil fuel, sulfur containing coal and biomass combustion is the common sources of acid rain precursor elements. Adverse effects of acid deposition include loss of forest cover th rough complex interactions, destruction of aquatic life and their ecosystems, loss of aesthetic value for monuments and cultural resources and human respiratory health risks Downing, Ramankutty and Shah 14). Emissions are released from large point sources like combustion plants were thought to have a localized impact. Increased concerns based on this premise led to the building of new facilities that have longer smokestacks, tailored to disperse the emission over a wider area. Large scale dispersion and distribution of acidification may be a regional concern. Acid Rain and Emission Cuts Milestone In the United States, the proportional release by factory processes, electric utilities and combustions are two-thirds, 15 percent and 9 percent, respectively (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 27). Moreover, automobiles account for over half of human related sources of nitrogen oxides. Electric utilities and combustion processes account for 22 percent and 14 percent of NOX emissions, respectively . In 2002, more than 50 percent of precursor elements release occurred in seven states within the Ohio River Valley (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 29). Five of these states dominate in the release of nitrogen oxides. The decline of air quality forms an indicator of adverse impacts of release of precursor elements. In 1973, the level of emission in the United States had highs of over 29 million metric tons, yearly. Within a period of twenty years since 1950 there has been a decline of over a half of sulfur dioxide due to the Amendments of the Clean Air Act (CAAA). In 2002, the emission levels were 13.9 million metric tons. In 1990, NOX species emissions had the highest toll at 22.7 million metric tons. In the following decade, emissions declined by 12 percent. NOX emission targets were set to decrease by almost 2 million tons within the specifics of the 1990 CAAA (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 27). Moreover, there are state initiatives meant to augment emission cuts locally (Driscoll, Lamb ert and Chen 230). There have been international efforts towards emission cuts. The first treaty meant for emissions cut came into place in 1985. The treaty was knowns as the Protocol on the Reduction of Sulfur Emissions. The emission cuts were set at 30 percent by 1993 vis-a-vis the 1980 levels (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 30). Further treaties set the cuts at 80 percent with reference to 1980 levels. Further treaties on emission cuts in the decade beginning in 1990; have led to declines of sulfur dioxide and NOX species at two-thirds and a third, respectively (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 30). The LRTAP Protocol of 1999 introduced the concept of critical loads that led to the development of critical load maps within the European context. Analysis Figure 4: 1.0 Trends in Emission of Acid Rain Source: National Science and Technology Council (18) Figure 5: Trends in the Deposition of Acid Rain Source: Likens (19) Hubbard Brook Experimental Station The United States Department of Agric ulture Forest Service established the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest as a long-term research station on ecological studies. The research site is found in the White Mountains in New Hampshire. Research interests in the station were composition and profile of the forest, disturbance reflex and aquatic ecosystems. Hubbard Brook gained prominence across North America as the first to experience acidic deposition. Effects of acid deposition at Hubbard Brook reflect a forest ecosystem sensitive to acid inputs (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 32). Over time, experimental activities and measurements regarding acid deposition and the aftermath on the ecosystem have been the dominant focal at the Hubbard Brook. The lowering of sulfate concentration in rainfall has correlated with the rise in pH. Hubbard Brook has a long term inventory on precipitation chemistry. Over time precipitation records include bulk deposition date back to mid-1960s and wet deposition at the latter years of the 1970s (Dri scoll, Lambert and Chen 32). Conclusion made from the findings showed greater association between pollutant release levels of the precursor and the sulfur based acid deposition at the Hubbard Brook. It is thought that emission cuts at the source area would reflect linearly declines in sulfate deposition. The eastern United States has provided a clear indication of the association between emission of precursor elements and the wet deposition. Over time in the period between 1984 -1986 to 2002-2004 high sulfate depositions has declined significantly in the eastern United States (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 33). The scenario of acid deposition reduction experience reflects the emission cuts targets entrenched in the 1990 CAAA. Levels of nitrate or ammonium deposition have varied marginally at the forest station since 1963. Bulk deposition at down wind areas at Hubbard Brook has shown a direct association with the source area’s nitrogen oxide emission (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 3 4). Nevertheless, the association is feeble compared to sulfate. Inventories of nitrate emissions and the bulk deposition at the Hubbard Brook have had minimal change since experiments began in 1963. The results of measurement generated at the Hubbard brook have reflected results obtained elsewhere in the eastern United States (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 34). Figure 6: Distribution Pattern for Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (in 1996) Source: The Adirondack Council (13) Figure 7: Distribution Pattern for Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (in 1996) Source: The Adirondack Council (13) Approaches to Acid Rain Abatement The Act on Clean Air gave the preference to market approaches towards sulfur dioxide emission cuts. Industrial plants were supposed to adopt and obtain allowances from the emission cuts programs. The market approach provides plants experiencing high emission scales opportunity to purchase sulfur dioxide credits from their counterparts whose emission costs are marginally lower. This ap proach has cost savings implications. In contrast, use of the command-control approach proposed through environmental regulations may not amount to the same. Moreover, there are econometric functions within the market approach intended to measure the performance of sulfur dioxide allowance. Assessing the level of cost (whether rising or falling) provides the indicator on performance emission cuts. On these bases, those plants that volunteer to use low-sulfur coal as an emissions-cut strategy, then the overhaul of the technology and decline in prices of sulfur containing coal have demonstrated the reduction in the marginal reduction of costs by more than half since 1985. This forms the main bases for reducing cost other than trading. The strength of allowance approach is the cost savings of up to US$ 800 million annually. The command and control approach relies on public awareness and the establishing of an obligatory flat rate of emissions. While it is imperative to consider the gai ns made by the market approach vis-a-vis the command-control; there is need not to lose sight of the overall necessity is not commercializing the whole affair but sustaining the health of the ambient atmosphere. The doubling of the two approaches to emission cuts may lead more effective results other than taunting of one. Arguably, market approach may be the only acceptable within a particular jurisdictional area. The fact that emissions and depositions drift from the source areas makes the sense that command control approach is more applicable for trans-boundary settlements on emission cuts. Conclusion There are categories provided for atmospheric compounds. Sulfur and nitrogen species are among the four categories. Emissions have led to cyclic atmospheric processes for nitrogen and sulfur pollutants. This has been described in the biogeochemical cycle. The impact cyclic processes have traversed terrains and water masses. This means acid rain has a spatial and temporal perspective to it. Acid rain was first conceived by an English Chemist, but the concept earned popularity after twenty years. This implies that the adverse impacts of acid deposition were not immediately perceivable thus the quality of the ambient environment is relative to placement and time. Acid rain has shown the ability to replicate the problem as well as traverse the space. Nevertheless, this property of the acid rain and its precursors makes it difficult to particulaandr opt for one of the emission cut strategy (market or command-control approaches). This is evident in the failure to reach at an amicable solution towards emission from the mid-eastern of North America source area and downwind in the Far East of the country. Based on the study argument most of the effort present alternative solutions towards reducing the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted to the air rather than absolute zero emissions. The market approach considered as a preferable fails to campaign directly for zero emissio n of precursors but rather lower. Anecdotally, with the increasing establishment of more industrial plants the intensity of release may be low but the number sources increases translate to escalation of emission of precursors. The role of the Hubbard Brook experimental outcomes is a clear indication that acid rain has a biogeochemical cycle. This puts the source and the downwind as important players towards providing solutions towards the acid rain phenomenon. Actually, the drifting of acid deposition indicates that a porous solution towards an environmental problem can lead transferred to a second party. Providing longer smokestacks for releasing smoke implies that the environment at the troposphere is constantly mobile and that the atmosphere is constantly circulating and exchanging matter across the space. In other words, the solutions towards the acid rain may not be transferring the emissions into the outer space but getting robust strategies to avoid the release of precursors at the source points. Solutions to the problem begin with the technologies applied in utilizing raw resources. In addition, industry players should be prepared to embrace technology transfer for the common good. The market approach demonstrates that players in the same industry can participate in distributing and sharing an environmental problem resulting in significant reduction of emissions. In the same vain technologies that prove workable towards lowering emissions can be shared as a way of corporate social responsibility, particularly in mitigating problems arising from emission release. The market approach demonstrates that solutions to most environmental problems are best tackled through integrated approaches than independent players taking individual actions. It is evident that corporate leaders have dominated in the technology front and have the capacity to institute emissions cuts with ease compared to small scale players. Thus, certain calls for emission cuts may not have an equal impact within the same industry. The Adirondack Council 1998, Acid Rain: A Continuing National Tragedy. PDF file. 10 Dec. 2012. https://www.adirondackcouncil.org/vs-uploads/docs/1354059160_acrapub.pdf. Downing, Robert, Ramesh Ramankutty and Jitendra Shah. RAINS-ASIA: An Assessment Model for Acid Deposition in Asia, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1997. Web. Driscoll, Charles, Kathy Lambert and Limin Chen. â€Å"Acidic Deposition: Sources and Ecological Effects.† Acid in the Environment: Lessons Learned and Future Prospects. Ed. G. Visgilio D. Whitelaw. USA: Springer, 2007. 27-58. Web. EIR/LaRouche Youth Movement Economics Team 2006, Retool Auto To Save U.S. Industrial Heartland. PDF file. 10 Dec. 2012. https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/2006/eirv33n16-20060421/eirv33n16-20060421_024-economic_geography_retool_auto_t.pdf. Likens, E. 1994, Human-Accelerated Environmental Change – An Ecologist’s View. PDF file. 10 Dec. 2012. https://www.murdoch.edu.au/ . Lind, Douglas 1981. Umbrella Equities: Use of the Federal Common Law of Nuisance to Catch the Fall of Acid Rain. PDF file. Web. Mair, Andrew, Richardd Florida and Martin Kenney. â€Å"The New Geography of Automobiles Production: Japanese Transplants in North America.† Economic Geography. 64.4 (1988): 352-373. JSTOR. Web. Mehta, Prashant. â€Å"Science behind Acid Rain: Analysis of Its Impacts and Advantages on Life and Heritage Structures.† South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage. 3 (2010): 123-132. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage. Web. National Science and Technology Council 2005, National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An Intergrated Assessment. PDF file. 10 Dec. 2012. https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/aqrsd/reports/napapreport05.pdf. Seinsfield, John and Spyros Pandis. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, USA: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Web. â€Å"The Industrial Heartland of North America† n.d. JPEG file. 10 Dec. 2012 https://theelectoralmap.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/04-14-rust-belt2.jpg. Wang, Wenxing and Tao Wang. â€Å"On The Origin And The Trend Of Acid Precipitation In China.† Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 85 (1995): 2295-2300. Springer. Web.

The other side of the bridge Essays

The other side of the bridge Essays The other side of the bridge Paper The other side of the bridge Paper The Lunette received a telegram stating Eric and Gunter had been They found out later that Carl was missing but had been found dead. This was very hard for Arthur to hear about his friends because they were out there fighting for their country while he stayed in Straus. It was difficult for Arthur to carry on knowing his three friends would never return home. Another one of Arthur friends, Ted Hatchet who fought in the war as well returned home safe but was badly injured. Ted committed seclude shortly after returning home from Straus on Ted Hatchet had shot himself (314). This was another loss off friend for Arthur. Ted and Arthur had grown close and he made many visits to Ted. When Ted passed away this brought back the memories of loosing his other friends, Tees death also helped Arthur look at things and life In a new perspective. A huge loss In Arthur life was when his father was killed In a tractor accident. This came as a shock to the whole family especially Arthur As for Arthur, he had no words (193). He had lost his father but also his friend. They became closer while working on the fields together and were similar In many ways. This put a lot of pressure on Arthur having to take on running two farms on his own. Arthur father was the only other person who stood up and believed in Arthur. He also saw through Jake just like Arthur did. He lost a part of himself when his father passed. The Christopher family experienced a different type of loss caused by divorce. Nans mom ran off with his geography teacher because she fell out of love with Nans father. Ian asked his mother If I wont go will you go anyways? (66). At that moment Ian felt abandoned by his mother because she chose someone else Instead of him. He missed having her there everyday taking care of the family. After she left Ian experienced emptiness In his life, in the house and with his father. Nans father had become depressed about the absence of his wife. His wife left him which took him by surprise. It took him awhile to get over the loss but he used his worktop distract him from his new home life. He blamed himself . .. Let Is my fault really (95). He didnt know how to carry on with his new life with Just him and Ian. Nans mom experienced 1 OFF a great loss as well . Seen lost near son Ana near unsound. En let Straus on ten wrong tot on Nans mom was trying to say goodbye before leaving to Toronto, Darling how can I go if you wont say goodbye? (69). She had to live with that everyday. She even tried calling Ian and writing him letters but she was shut out of his life. She had a new life that Ian wasnt a part of. Laura Dunn experienced the loss of many loved ones. When Carter died it was a hard loss for Laura. She was the re when it happened and she saw the whole thing on it describes His body somersaulted right over the top of the car (344). Not only was Carter her first born child but he was Sakes child as well. Carter was the only connection she had left to Jake. Laura also lost Jake when he left Straus without an explanation only a note saying Sorry to go without saying goodbye. Love Jake (317). Laura was head over heels in love with Jake and he left her without a proper goodbye. She gave everything to Jake which lead to her pregnancy with Carter. She was all alone with a baby on the way and a broken heart. She had no one in Straus and didnt know anyone except for Arthur. Arthur was the greatest loss for Laura. Laura hated the fact that Arthur wasnt sure that her love towards him was real or if he still loved Jake. Laura said l want you to know,now, while Arthur is still here, that I love him. And I loved him then (350). Laura wanted Arthur to understand that he meant more to her then he could ever imagine and that she loved him the way he had always loved her. The characters deal with loss in the book Theorem Side Of The Bridge that effect them mentally and emotionally. With the loss of Arthur friends who fought in the war and his father, the impact of a divorce in the Christopher family and all the loss of loved ones close to Laura, the characters learn to cope and carry on with their lives.

Finance for Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Finance for Managers - Essay Example This section of the act is one of the most significant in ensuring that the financial statements being published by the publically trading organizations are reliable and trustworthy. This is because this section empowers the auditors to work in an independent manner and they do not need to fear the higher level managers of the organization such as the director who used to psychologically coerce auditors into providing misleading and fraudulent financial statements and audit reports. Now auditors may no longer feel threatened to report any wrongdoings or misleading information that organizations provide in financial statements. Due to the failure of the directors to influence the auditors, the organization itself would be afraid that they might be held accountable for providing wrongful information. They may fear that their organization’s reputation may be at stake or they may be heavily fined for indulging in misconduct. Due to this, they themselves may be deterred from provid ing misleading information and influencing and coercing the

12 Steps Programs - Help or Hinder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

12 Steps Programs - Help or Hinder - Essay Example The aroma of good, strong coffee vied with the scent of some expensive perfumes, but the tobacco won. I was surprised at the mix of people, there a man in denim, here an impeccably suited businessman of middle age. Three older women had placed themselves in neighboring chairs, their body language signaling support and sisterhood. Designer chic and thrift shop dowdy, all seemed to have abandoned one addiction and were now desperately pursuing another, nicotine. Except for one small, dumpy woman, nervously polishing, replacing, then polishing again, her tinted eyeglasses, and a skinny guy with big ears, which he kept pulling at.What followed was awful to observe. The little woman stood up, shook and stuttered and exposed her heart, life and soul in painful, gut-wrenching honesty to these complete strangers. She had just taken Step 1. Everybody applauded, several approached her and hugged her. She was crying and smiling at the same time, but no longer shook or twitched with nerves, she seemed more peaceful, as if relieved of a big burden. It was clear she felt better, cherished and a part of things. Poor John could only mutter his name, hanging his head as he labeled himself an alcoholic, then collapsing in tears into his chair.individual perceptions of Him, would make it all better.

Martin Luther's 95 Theses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Martin Luther's 95 Theses - Essay Example At his reflection, he knows that there is a lot of challenges to go against the norms by attacking one whom everybody praises, not even those the public disgraces will be spared. In a very conscious manner, he knows that he has a great beam on his own eyes so he cannot say he is super perfect to attack other men. Luther is against impious doctrines and their impiety not necessary on their bad morals. The reevaluation of his thought is sharply on the judgment of men and to preserve the passionate enthusiasm, following the example of Jesus Christ, who, in his keenness, calls his adversaries a creation of vipers, blind, children of the devil, and hypocrites. For example, when the great prophet, Paul charges a sorcerer with being a child of the devil, which he sees as the act of all malice and all subtlety; he defines such servants like evil workers, deceivers and dogs. In his, the court of Rome is full of a lost, desperate, and hopeless impiety overwhelmed by corrupt men. Which he has greatly abominated, and he feels disturbed that the people of Christ should be cheated under the pope’s given name and the excuse of the Rome Church. He says he is not doing the impossibilities, or being pessimistic on his labor alone, against the furious opposition of so many flatters any good can be done against the impossible situations. As a debtor to his congregation, he knows few will be ruined by the plagues of Rome. He blames the people of being reluctant to act on the laying waste of goods, souls, and bodies. These things are more clear to them than light and Rome church, previously the most sacred of all churches has become the most anarchistic hideout of thieves, hell not even antichrist could come to devise any addition to it wickedness. Concerning Christian liberty, Luther, explains that Christian faith is not easy, and nobody has the wisdom upon it as there is no experiment proof among the

Justify public administrators' Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Justify public administrators' - Research Paper Example The personal points of view are necessary when formulating, assessing and looking for concrete plans of action for an administrative situation. However, it is better to question how an individual relays solutions through public service given bureaucracy follows certain levels of hierarchy. Weber asserted that there is a â€Å"logically consistent† function in his ideal type (Kim, 2007) In terms of public administration, how can this be achieved? This consistency, ultimately, faces difficulties before it can be achieved. Now, before fully deliberating the ideal type of Max Weber, there should be a thorough knowledge of what public administration is. Public administration is a field of study that deals with the function of government as an institution and the general public it serves and how it handles the matters that involves society through centralized governance (Raadschelders, 2008). At the same time, public administration involves â€Å"organizational theory, management s cience and concept of public interest† (Henry, 1975). ... Paradoxically, the ideal type, no matter how good it is can have its flaws not just on the manner of administration but also on the level of organization. According to Weber, the problem that rises with the ideal type is oligarchy, dehumanization, and irrationality (Kim, 2007). How do these factors really affect the manner of how public administration is implemented within the organized structure of a system and the ideal type? The government really has a role as to how they will exercise governance effectively. Most of the time, the elite of a society take part on the administration government and has the capacity to determine the manner of governance they want to uphold (Raadschelders, 2008). Now here lies the problem. How are people really guaranteed that efficient governance is achieved since the elite has a very strong capacity to maintain their hold on to power to further their personal interests rather than the interest of the general public. Corruption, abuse and exploitation together with irrational thinking distort the logical consistency that the ideal type imposes. Democracy, in its context, is good yet the manner of administration becomes undemocratic especially if the consistency of labour is not administered properly. Public administration also calls for objective criticism (Henry, 1975). As seen in the local and global contemporary politics, criticisms have been rampant to fully expose the flaws of the bureaucratic status quo. In its greatest sense, bureaucracy is good yet the manner of addressing criticisms, especially in the case of the leader, is not really adequate. They may recognize their flaws in terms of leadership that destroys the logical consistency asserted by Weber’s ideal type yet concrete plans of

Brazil report Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Brazil report Structure - Essay Example Continuous success of the National Foods is supported due to the company's commitment to strong brand, many of which are category leaders, such as PURA Milk, Australia’s number 1 milk brand, Dairy Farmers, Berri, Yoplait, Dare, Big M and Farmers Union (National Foods Website, n.d.). However, the company is seeking alternative ways for its business expansion and is going to target Brazilian consumers. The basic idea is to produce dairy products at the territory of Australia, and then to export final goods directly to Brazil. The aim of the organization is to evaluate its business idea from few different perspectives and to understand the viability of this idea. The purpose of the report is to conduct a comprehensive research and analysis, aimed to provide timely and accurate information, relying upon which will enable the company to make a right decision, regarding to the Brazilian market. Thus, the report will analyze the political, legal, economic, socio-cultural, technologic al environment in Brazil and provide SWOT analysis for the National Foods. Clear understanding of both external and internal environments, National Foods will be enabled to make a right business decision and to develop appropriate entry/development strategy. 2.0 Political Environment 2.1 Government stability Brazil has a stable democratic political system (Ball, 2009). Political structure of Brazil is defined as the Federal Republic, which is currently ruled by a coalition (EDC, 2011). There are difficult relations between the legislature and the executive, between state and federal governments (EDC, 2011). In 2011, Dilma Rousseff took the President’s post in Brazil. Newly elect government will likely seek to differentiate its administration regarding the general policy. Even though there is still no clear understanding of what will be changed, it is unlikely to be investment and trade policy (EDC, 2011). 2.2 Government and contribution Former President Luiz Inacio Lula da Si lva has been promoting policies aimed at strengthening of the investment environment. Considering the issues of political stability, Brazil is very attractive country for the investment: it has no political enemies; there is no threat of terrorism or civil unrest (Ball, 2009). Both international and domestic markets have confidence in Brazil’s political system, due to the activity of Brazil’s democratic institutions (Ball, 2009). 2.3 Analysis Brazil and Australia are the countries that cooperate multilaterally on issues of mutual interest, including agricultural trade reform in the World Trade Organization (Australian Government, 2011). In 2001, there was established a Council on Australia Latin America Relations (COALAR); COALAR has been active in promoting Latin America as a market for Australian exporters (Australian Government, 2011). Additionally, Brazilian and Australian foreign and trade policy interests coincide in several significant areas. This friendly relat ionship between two countries and cooperation in agricultural sector can favourably impact the National Foods business development in Brazil. 3.0 Legal Environment 3.1 Regulatory framework Brazil has a commercial legal system, which consists of the Commercial Code. By the Commercial Code there are governed the majority of aspects of commercial association (FDI, n.d.). However, this does not relate to professional services category, which is governed by the Civil Code (FDI, n.d.). 3.2 Business laws Brazil has import restrictions on

Justify public administrators' Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Justify public administrators' - Research Paper Example The personal points of view are necessary when formulating, assessing and looking for concrete plans of action for an administrative situation. However, it is better to question how an individual relays solutions through public service given bureaucracy follows certain levels of hierarchy. Weber asserted that there is a â€Å"logically consistent† function in his ideal type (Kim, 2007) In terms of public administration, how can this be achieved? This consistency, ultimately, faces difficulties before it can be achieved. Now, before fully deliberating the ideal type of Max Weber, there should be a thorough knowledge of what public administration is. Public administration is a field of study that deals with the function of government as an institution and the general public it serves and how it handles the matters that involves society through centralized governance (Raadschelders, 2008). At the same time, public administration involves â€Å"organizational theory, management s cience and concept of public interest† (Henry, 1975). ... Paradoxically, the ideal type, no matter how good it is can have its flaws not just on the manner of administration but also on the level of organization. According to Weber, the problem that rises with the ideal type is oligarchy, dehumanization, and irrationality (Kim, 2007). How do these factors really affect the manner of how public administration is implemented within the organized structure of a system and the ideal type? The government really has a role as to how they will exercise governance effectively. Most of the time, the elite of a society take part on the administration government and has the capacity to determine the manner of governance they want to uphold (Raadschelders, 2008). Now here lies the problem. How are people really guaranteed that efficient governance is achieved since the elite has a very strong capacity to maintain their hold on to power to further their personal interests rather than the interest of the general public. Corruption, abuse and exploitation together with irrational thinking distort the logical consistency that the ideal type imposes. Democracy, in its context, is good yet the manner of administration becomes undemocratic especially if the consistency of labour is not administered properly. Public administration also calls for objective criticism (Henry, 1975). As seen in the local and global contemporary politics, criticisms have been rampant to fully expose the flaws of the bureaucratic status quo. In its greatest sense, bureaucracy is good yet the manner of addressing criticisms, especially in the case of the leader, is not really adequate. They may recognize their flaws in terms of leadership that destroys the logical consistency asserted by Weber’s ideal type yet concrete plans of

Two research methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Two research methods - Assignment Example The greatest advantage of qualitative approach is that it is relatively simple to carry out, as there is no strict research design. Secondly, this approach engages the nature more naturally. This approach is also advantageous in that it allows for collection of more detailed data making it more comprehensive. The main disadvantage of qualitative approach lies on the fact that the researcher is heavily involved in the research and therefore, outcome basically depends on researchers ability to carry out the research. Quantitative approach, on the other hand, uses concrete data as well as rigorous statistical and data analysis techniques. Data analysis softwares such as SPSS are often used. A researcher begins with a hypothesis they seek to prove and then goes on to collect and analyze data in the process. Considering that findings come from the data, deductive reasoning is commonly associated with quantitative approach. However, objectivity is overwhelmingly important in this form of approach and variables well known. Greatest advantage of quantitative approach is that researcher gets the opportunity to analyze data in more detailed fashion making the approach more objective. However, quantitative approach is disadvantageous in that things are not done in their natural setting. Additionally, approach is more complicated and time consuming. More notably, large populations must be studied for the research to gain

Response Paper Essay Example for Free

Response Paper Essay The authors main argument is that the underclass ideology which says that the black underclass is a worthless, unwise, indiscriminate reproductive source of   an unproductive poor class of America as against the   affluent white American society, is actually a â€Å"distraction from the fact that poor urban African Americans are the ones who cannot find jobs , cannot attend good schools and   have nowhere to live† (Williams 360) because the white counterpart citizens exploit their poverty for their own welfare and selfish gains through Government Authorities and Banks under the guise of Credit Cards, Equity and Mortgage loans and the Federal Reserve Board Regulations. The argument is aimed The Americans and the Research Bodies of the underclass ideology who make such false claims. The author’s audience is the American citizen, Government Authorities who support these ideologies and the Mass media who promote it to misguide the masses against the underclass of African Americans and other minority communities in USA. The argument of the author proves the relevance of the underclass ideology to the discipline of anthropology as it exposes how the black African American community has been a victim of mock welfare and plastic partners- namely the credit cards and Banks.   The debt and poverty image of such people is as much the result of their deprivation of basic facilities by the Government as also by the fact that their spending habits are governed by their social, cultural, interpersonal relationships and attitudes which is the subject of Anthropology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Sanjek, R. Gregory, S. et al. â€Å"The Reproductive Underclass†. New Brunswick, H5, Rutgus University Press, 1994.

Counselling Psychotherapy Theories Applied | Case Study

Counselling Psychotherapy Theories Applied | Case Study Case Study: Vignette II Bella. H. T. Lam Theories Systems in Counselling Psychotherapy My client Scott, who is a 19 years old male, have lost his father for nine months because of the lung cancer. The major problem revealed by his mum was he had become quite and stayed aloof when he is at home. During the previous sessions, he was just looking downward and fidgeting with his figures. Brief answers are always appeared when I am asking some open questions. However, he thought he need help and agreed to have change when I told to close the session. To begin with, I may like to analyze some of his behaviors so as to develop an effective section for him. From his mother, I knew that he has become quite and aloof after his father died this maybe one of the action, which he was trying to avoid his real feeling. Also, it might have a chance that Scoff does not know how to cope with his own feeling about his father’s death. Moreover, in between our conversation he usually gives me brief answers or sometimes remains silent in account to the mistrust of people or some energy blockage suggested by Gestalt, this turned out he does not want to answer question, sharing his feeling or he does not know how to answer. Without eye contact and fidgeting finger were also the gestures related to his mistrust or lose of love and belongingness needs. Therefore, in the coming session I hope to build a trust-worthy relationship with Scott so as to allow him to share the real feeling with me. Furthermore, helping Scott to face, express, aware a nd cope with his feeling are also my targets. Progressive Muscle Relaxation I would choose the progressive muscle relaxation to start with the counselling session. As Scott mentioned that he got headache sometimes since his father was died on the previous session. I think temporary headache was one of the psychosomatic symptom. The process of relaxing muscle and mental tension in the progressive muscle relaxation may help client to cope with chronic pain and the frequency of migraine attacks which is related to the stress or anxiety.(Ferguson Sgambati , 2008) Despite, Scott does not feel stress or anxiety, he behaves silent and aloof when he is at home might in account to his stress or anxiety. In the section, I may give instructions to Scott to teach him relax. Then, ask Scott to breathe deeply and regularly so as to relax his muscle. Try to feel the muscle when they are tensioned. Then he would asked to relax his muscle from the head then neck and shoulder to the back until the lower limbs. During the time of relaxation he is asked to try getting rid of the mental problem and feel the contrast between relax mode and tension mode. He could learn to become relax if he keep practicing this action daily. And this would become the habitual behavior in his daily life. Progressive muscle relaxation could be use with any other approach easily and can practice daily by the client. This might help Scott to learn how to relax and improve his daily living when he is feeling stress or anxiety. This practice not only relaxing his muscle but also his mental. ( Davis,1980) Expressive Art Therapy The next stage I would like to use expressive art therapy so as to help Scott to express his feeling. Since Scott can only answer brief answer when I asked open question I suggest that he did not know how to express his owns thing verbally or it might because he did not aware his owns’ problems so he cannot express himself when I am asking him questions. While expressive art therapy is found by Natalie Rogers, it uses various artistic forms, for example, creating movement, writing a journal, playing music as a media to help people to express his emotion. N, Roger explained that â€Å"This is a multimodal approach integrating mind, body, emotion and inner spiritual resources.†(N, Rogers, 1993,) Thereby, expressive art therapy let people to look at its unconscious mind and express some unknown or new information. â€Å"This is also a self-discovery and healing process.† (N, Rogers, 1993)This may allowed Scott to express his emotion in order to have more understandi ng about his unconscious mind. In this section, I would prepare some percussion instruments to Scott, allowing him to express his feeling by music improvisation. I would ask him to think of some scenarios and try to use different instruments to represent or reflect that scenario. This may help him to aware and express his emotion himself and give me further information about his emotion. I think this is a suitable way for Scott as he did not answer a open question easily, using a different way like playing music maybe give him another way to express himself. Nevertheless, Person-Centered therapy is the key features of Expressive Art therapy while they are also emphasis the relationships between the client and therapist. (N, Rogers, 1993) Therefore, I would like to build a trust -worthy relationship with my client using the knowledge of Person-centered therapy before I started the Expressive Art Therapy. Person-Centred Therapy Other than not knowing how to express his own emotion, Scott answering question in a very brief way might also because he does not want to share his real feeling. According to the Carl Roger’s Person-centered Therapy, relationship between client and therapist was very significant for the treatment. As if the clients feel that his feelings are understood by the counselor might support the clients’ desire to change. (Roger, 1961) The Person-centered Therapy suggested the three main ways to develop a good relationships with the client. Including Congruence, Unconditional Positive Regard and Empathic Understanding. (Cain, 2010 ) Being congruence means that the therapist should express truly with his emotion, attitudes, thoughts when they are interacting with the client. Providing unconditional positive regard means is caring the client as a true person, while the caring without any criteria or judgments. (Koldon, Klein, Wang, Austin,2011) According to Rogers’s (1961) research, the more caring the clients got, the more success of the therapy would be. While empathic understanding is to share the subjective view by the experience’s that the client’s mentioned. After this Scott can identify his own goal by himself. So as to provide these three conditions, I would like to chat with Scott with more caring, sometimes give some restatements of what he just said to show my empathic understanding, express my true feeling and attitude when we are chatting. Also, giving a sense to him that I would support him no matter what he decide or think. After this kind of interaction I might build a better or trust-worthy relationship with Scott and give the love and belongingness needs that enable him to share his real feeling to me and he will tell me more rather than just answer me a short answer or refuses to answer me. Moreover, the rarely eye contact with counselor may deal to his unsafety feeling. During this Personal centered therapy, I would provide him a safe environment which can let him feel safe and willing to have eye contact with other and less fidgeting. The final aim of this treatment is to allow him to express himself, trust himself by providing him concern and care, I could act as a facilitato r to allow him to be independent and integration which leads him able to cope with his life’s issue like the dilemma of his father’s death. In addition, this therapy is suitable for people who is open and ready for change since Scott agree to see the counselor and admitted he need helps reflect that he is ready and open to have some changes.(Corey, 2013) However, Person-centered therapy was an unstructured therapy which is difficult to estimate the duration needs for this treatment. The only way is to recognize how the client’s know about himself and helping him to come up with his own plan. Therefore I would like to spend more time in this treatment before moving to the next part. Gestalt Therapy The next treatment I would like to use is the Gestalt therapy. Although we have used the Expressive Art therapy so as to bring up Scott awareness to himself, it might not enough because the art therapy more focuses on expressing the emotion and feeling. To further bring up his awareness of his own feeling I would like to assist him to attain greater awareness which includes knowing the environment, oneself also make contact with their awareness by using the Gestalt therapy.(Ploster Ploster, 1973) Apart from expressing his emotion, aware and face his own emotion is also my concern. In Gestalt therapy, it mainly focuses on where the energy used or blocked, the here and now which allow client to fully experience the â€Å"now† also the unfinished business which the figure is lined inside the ground and not completely solved and come with some unexpressed feeling.(Ploster, 1973) While blocking energy is another form of defense behavior suggested by Gestalt. In Scott cases, looking away from counselor when they are chatting, mention only a few is also the behavior of blocking energy. (Corey, 2013)When Scott staying at home quietly and aloof are examples of that he cannot express his own feeling and cause unfinished business. His father has died for nine months but he changed his behavior started from his father death to now that represent Scott is still struggling with the past experiences as Gestalt therapist recognized that the past would come to the present’s moment is usually the lack of completion of the past experience.(Corey, 2013 ) While in this treatment I would encourage Scott to experiences his own blocking energy gesture and allow him to know what is he struggling and accept it. Also trying to bring his feeling from the past to present and know that he can make a change of situation. I would choose the Reversal exercise and Exaggeration exercise for Scott. For reversal exercise, I would ask him try to look at me and stop fidgeting with his figure for a minute when we are chatting, to let him to accept what he is doing. After that, I would ask him to stay silent for longer time which to exaggerate his behavior. (Feder Frew, 2008) From this behavior he can try to interpret his inner feeling when he is keeping silent. The gestalt therapy have much explanation about the importance human’s gesture and language which would be suitable for Scott which have more gesture and less words to aware his feeling via body languages. Conclusion In this session there might be used four treatment, The progressive muscle relaxation, Person-centred therapy, Expressive art therapy and the Gestalt therapy. The progressive muscle relaxation might want to help the client improve his psychosomatic illness like headache. While the person-centred therapy is aim at building a trust-worthy relationship with the client in order to let him to share me more with his own’s emotion and my caring may let him to identify his own goal and the willing of changes. Expressive art therapy may like to cope with his difficulties of expressing his own feeling when I am asking some open question. Furthermore, the gestalt therapy would like to help client to aware with his gesture like refuse having eye contact with other so as to relate his gesture to his feeling and let him to pay attention to. References Cain, D. (2010). Person-centered psychotherapies. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Corey, G. (2013). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage. Davis, J. (1980). Progressive Muscle Relaxation. In The effects of progressive muscle relaxation upon breathing and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Madison: University of Wisconsin. Feder, B., Frew, J. (Eds.).(2008).Beyond the hot seat revisited: Gestalt approaches to group. New Orleans: Gestalt institute Press. Ferguson, K.E., Sgambati, R. E. (2008) Relaxation. In W.O’Donohue J.E.Fisher (Eds.), Cognitive behavior therapy: Applying empirically supported techniques in your practice(2nd ed.,pp.434-444). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Koldon,G.G., Klein, M. H.,Wang, C., Austin, S.B.(2011). Congruence/genuineness. In J.C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (2nd ed., pp. 187-202). New York: Oxford University Press. Polster,E., Polster, M. (1973). Gestalt therapy integrated: Contours of theory and practice. New York : Brunner/Mazel. Rogers, C. (1961). A therapists view of psychotherapy. In On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Rogers, N. (1993). The creative connection. In The creative connection: Expressive arts as healing. Palo Alto, Calif.: Science Behavior Books.

Ernest Hemingway :: essays research papers

Ernest Miller Hemingway was born at eight o'clock in the morning on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois. In the nearly sixty two years of his life that followed he forged a literary reputation unsurpassed in the twentieth century and created a mythological hero in himself that captivated (and at times confounded) not only serious literary critics but the average man as well...in a word, he was a star. Born in the family home at 439 North Oak Park Avenue, a house built by his widowed grandfather Ernest Hall, Hemingway was the second of Dr. Clarence and Grace Hall Hemingway's six children; he had four sisters and one brother. He was named after his maternal grandfather Ernest Hall and his great uncle Miller Hall. Oak Park was a mainly Protestant, upper middle-class suburb of Chicago that Hemingway would later refer to as a town of "wide lawns and narrow minds." Only ten miles from the big city, Oak Park was really much farther away philosophically. It was basically a conservative town that tried to isolate itself from Chicago's liberal seediness. Hemingway was raised with the conservative Midwestern values of strong religion, hard work, physical fitness and self determination; if one adhered to these parameters, he was taught, he would be ensured of success in whatever field he chose. As a boy he was taught by his father to hunt and fish along the shores and in the forests surrounding Lake Michigan. The Hemingways had a summer house called Windemere on Walloon Lake in northern Michigan, and the family would spend the summer months there trying to stay cool. Hemingway would either fish the different streams that ran into the lake, or would take the row boat out to do some fishing there. He would also go squirrel hunting in the woods near the summer house, discovering early in life the serenity to be found while alone in the forest or wading a stream. It was something he could always go back to throughout his life, wherever he was. Nature would be the touchstone of Hemingway's life and work, and though he often found himself living in major cities like Chicago, Toronto and Paris early in his career, once he became successful he chose somewhat isolated places to live like Key West, or San Francisco de Paula, Cuba, or Ketchum, Idaho. All were convenient locales for hu nting and fishing.

Females According to Christina Rossetti and Mary Wollstonecraft Essay

Females According to Christina Rossetti and Mary Wollstonecraft What is it that separates and elevates human beings from the rest of the animal world? It is the ability to logically explain an action, decision, or conviction; it is the capacity to reason. As Rousseau states, â€Å"Only reason teaches us good from evil† (Wollstonecraft 238). According to him, as well as countless other intellectuals of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, through the exercise of reason men become moral and political agents. Of course, this Enlightenment theory does not include women. Rousseau declares his opinion of the female, â€Å"O how lovely is her ignorance!† (253) The woman is the man's fantasy, the man's student, the man's plaything. Controlled, contained, and defined by the man, the woman is inferior to him and thus, not human. Eighteenth century writer and mother of female liberalism, Mary Wollstonecraft refutes this supposedly natural state of man being superior to woman in her treatise, "A Vindication of The Rights of Woman": It is farce to call any being virtuous whose virtues do not result from the exercise of reason... This was Rousseau's opinion respecting men: I extend it to women....till the manners of the time are changed...it may be impossible to convince [women]that the illegitimate power, which they obtain, by degrading themselves, is a curse, and that they must return to nature and equality ...(239) She proclaims the female to be equally capable of reason as the male. In order for the female to recognize and utilize this capability, society's males and females must alter their prejudicial definition of the feminine. Wollstonecraft addresses the fema... ...cquire virtues which they may call their own, for how can a rational being be ennobled by any thing that is not obtained by its own exertions?† (254) Indeed, it is only when the woman may call her skill, her experience, or her truth, all derived from reason, her own that she shall be independent. As Rossetti states, â€Å"Only my secret's mine...† (6). And, only when the societal norms change, shall the keeping of such a secret be by choice and not necessity. Works Cited Wollstonecraft, Mary. Vindication of the Rights of Women. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Vol 2A. Ed. David Damrosch. 2nd ed. London: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, 2003. 227-255. Rossetti, Christina. â€Å"Winter: My Secret.† The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Vol. 2B. Ed. David Damrosch. 2nd ed. London: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, 2003. 1617.

Ordeal by Fire Essay

When Contrasting and comparing the two books â€Å"Ordeal by Fire† and â€Å"George B. McClellan and Civil War History† even though they are basically on the same subjects Thomas Rowland’s book deals with one subject exclusively, George B. McClellan. James McPherson is more of a chronological history of the Civil War that discusses McClellan’s efforts during the war. There is some mention of mental problems and indications of other problems he had, but most focused on the leadership and events of the war. Some of the problems with McClellan both books do address are his slowness and his problem with exaggeration. To understand where both authors are coming from and to understand George B. McClellan I first wanted to discuss his career and his abilities in the Civil War and to find out why he became known historically, as Rowland’s puts it â€Å"deranged and paranoiac† (Rowland, 1998 p. ix). Knowing what the man went through will help to understand possibly why he is generally considered a failure as a general. Let’s begin with the first campaign of the Civil War even though it was a minor battle it was the first win for the Union and these troops were under the command of George B. McClellan. This battle under McClellan’s leadership successfully drove confederate troops out of the Kanawha Valley of western Virginia during May and June of 1861 (McPherson, 1982 p. 159). McClellan’s victory gave this region a firm grip for the Union side and kept it from becoming in control of the confederates and eventually became West Virginia. But the first major battle was a different story. The battle at Bull Run Creek was a disaster and this is where McClellan was able to come in for his gleaming moment and save the day. This was where McClellan replaced McDowell who had been the General during Bull Run Creek. McClellan then later became general in chief (Rowland, 1998 p. 86). McClellan spent the fall and winter drilling his troops and whipping them into shape. This became the first incident that showed clearly McClellan’s contempt for Lincoln and probably began the rumors that spread about McClellan, I believe. President Lincoln couldn’t understand why McClellan was taking so long and to go into the field he began to express how he thought the general was being slow ordered the army into action. McClellan’s slowness is discussed many times in both books, some citing it as cautious or meticulous. Then even more bad decisions made by McClellan happened. Union forces in the West had won some very important victories before McClellan could make a move to aid those troops. Successes around the edge of the confederacy did not help to relieve northern frustration at the inactivity or failure of the Union forces on the eastern front and this helped to reinforce the general attitude towards McClellan’s generalship. Lincoln, because of this, relieved McClellan of his supreme command and ordered him to take the offensive command at the head of the Army of the Potomac and forced McClellan to begin campaigning (McPherson, 1982 p. 211). The overland route to Richmond was difficult so instead he moved his forces by water to the peninsula southeast of the confederate capital. After landing at Fort Monroe, a Union post, McClellan began moving up the peninsula in early April 1862. For months he was stalled at Yorktown which he chose to besiege rather than attack, another sign of slowness and stagnation (Rowland, 1998 p. 107). After the fall of Yorktown he pushed ahead to a point twenty miles from Richmond and waited for troops he had expected Lincoln to send but that didn’t happen. Lincoln instead had decided the troops were needed to defend Washington instead. Many think that if McClellan had moved more boldly and decisively he probably could have captured Richmond with the forces he had. But a combination of faulty intelligence reports and his own natural caution had led him to make the wrong decision in what he wrongly believed to be outnumbered by superior numbers (McPherson, 1982 p. 234). By the end of May the Confederates discovered that McClellan’s army were divided on each side of the Chickahominy River and attacked. In this battle named Seven Pines McClellan was barely able to hold his ground until corps from the other side crossed and saved the day. During this battle was when General Lee took command of the confederate army. At the end of June Lee began an all out effort to expel McClellan from his position on the outskirts of Richmond. In a series of battles that lasted seven days McClellan warded off Lee’s final assaults at Malvera hill and decided to retreat down the peninsula to a more secure point. In doing so it convinced Lincoln that the peninsula campaign was a wasted battle (Rowland, 1998 p. 66-67). On July 11th Lincoln appointed General Henry W. Halleck who had been in command of the western theater, to be the new general in chief. Halleck was ordered by Lincoln to order McClellan to withdrawal his army from the peninsula and join forces under General Pope that was preparing to move on Richmond by the overland route. As usual McClellan was slow in responding and the confederates got to Pope before he did. Pope was badly beaten before McClellan did arrive. McClellan was ordered back to Washington where he was stripped of command. But Lincoln desperate reappointed him to head the army of the Potomac (McPherson, 1982 p. 255-2160). Meanwhile Lee and his excited troops went on to invade Maryland in hopes o f isolating Washington from the rest of the North. But McClellan caught up with him near Sharpsburg and the bloodiest one day battle of the war happened. At Antietam on September 17th almost five thousand solders were killed on both sides and another eighteen thousand were wounded. The battle ended in a draw and Lee was forced to withdraw south of the Potomac River to protect his low supplies. McClellan was again slow in persuit6 and Lincoln blamed him for letting the enemy escape (Rowland 1998, p. 176-177). Lincoln believing he needed a stronger general because McClellan was so slow appointed Ambrose B. Burnside commander of the Army of the Potomac. A huge mistake on Lincolns part because Rowland put it he was â€Å"Replacing someone slow with someone considered dense† (Rowland 1998 p. 223). Rowland argues the war could be divided into two parts and each had demands on the commanders that fought them. In Rowland’s book McClellan is overly cautious, proud, psychologically impaired and an aristocratic officer that was brought up against very formidable commanders Lee and Jackson. With the battle of Seven Pines and Antietam campaign he had to face is what Rowland says, gave McClellan every reason for caution. Other reasons Rowland gave were that McClellan commanded a new hastily thrown together army in the beginnings of the war when the nation was expectations were huge and fast victories was wanted. Because of McClellan’s slowness I believe that is was not possible. Both books relied heavily on historical documents, letters and diaries to defend their thesis but Rowland’s book does give a lot more weight to the writing by other professors that wrote controversial books on the subject. But then again the type of book Rowland wrote needs those types of sources to make the valid stand he was taking. McPherson’s book uses a huge amount of historical documents, letters and diaries. His reference and bibliography totally impressed me. Rowland introduces more feeling into his book than concentrating on facts. But in my experience when using personal letters and notes, I believe, there is too much room for interpretation unless you know the author. Many letter were used that were between McClellan and his wife and granted they are useful, but I think we still have to keep in mind that unless the author or recipient of these letters are alive, it would almost be impossible to know the intent and unconscious meaning in them. If I was to choose which book that I would rely more of facts it would have to be McPherson’s book. Like I mentioned before it wasn’t filled with emotional feelings as Rowland’s book and to me used more reliable sources. Dealing with the Civil War and the historical documents can be a huge job and McPherson did an excellent job of using the mounds and mounds of documentation available. One thing I think both authors do agree upon was that McClellan, even though he wasn’t the best, he wasn’t the worst of commanders. One thing I did think was different in the authors accounting of the general was that McPherson did discuss a problem McClellan had with chronic exaggeration (McPherson, 1982 p. 212). And this attribute was mentioned many times when he discussed McClellan and opposing forces. McClellan would say he was waiting for more troops to arrive citing the numbers of the opposing force as the reason. This caution was seen as slowness. I do side with Rowland when he wrote that he wanted to give a balanced look at McClellan and recognition for his achievements. He did a good job of giving reason and theory to McClellan’s actions. Rowland’s statement, â€Å"McClellan’s strategy, though reflective of the unrealistic war aims of the years 1861-1862 was cogent, reasoned, and consistent with conventional military wisdom and his personal views of the nature of the conflict. It was not hallucinatory or deranged; it mirrored the views of the administration and of a sizeable, if not shrinking, majority† (Rowland, 1998 p. 237). The only thing that didn’t make him great was his inability for great wins. References: McPherson, J. M. (1982). Ordeal by fire: The Civil War and reconstruction. New York: Knopf. Rowland, T. J. (1998). George B. McClellan and Civil War history: In the shadow of Grant and Sherman. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. Similar link: https://studymoose.com/road-safety-essay

Final Exam Review Essay

FINAL EXAM REVIEW BE15-4. Lump-Sum Sales Ravonette Corporation issued 300 shares of $10 par value common stock and 100 shares of $50 par value preferred stock for a lump sum of $13,500. The common stock has a market price of $20 per share, and the preferred stock has a market price of $90 per share. Prepare journal entry. | | | P15-2. Treasury Stock ProblemClemson Company had the following stockholders’ equity as of January 1, 2012. Common stock, $5 par value, 20,000 shares issued| $100,000| Paid-in capital in excess of par—common stock| 300,000| Retained earnings| 320,000| Total stockholders’ equity| $720,000| | | Feb. 1| Clemson repurchased 2,000 shares of treasury stock at a price of $19 per share.| Mar. 1| 800 shares of treasury stock repurchased above were reissued at $17 per share.| Mar. 18| 500 shares of treasury stock repurchased above were reissued at $14 per share.| Apr. 22| 600 shares of treasury stock repurchased above were reissued at $20 per share.| | | | Stock Dividend Problem (Page 17 in Moodle Ch. 15 Notes)| | | | CS, $5 par, 40,000 shares issued and outstanding| $ 200,000| Paid-in capital in excess of par| 835,000| Retained earnings| 2,160,000| Shares of the company’s stock are selling at this time at $22. 1. A 10% stock dividend is declared and issued. 2. A 50% stock dividend is declared and issued. 3. A 2-for-1 stock split is declared and issued. E3.9. Adjusting Entries Supplies| Accounts Receivable| Beg. Bal.| 800| 10/31| 470| 10/17| 2,100| | | | | | | 10/31| 1,650| | | | Salaries and Wages Expense| Salaries and Wages Payable| 10/15| 800| | | | | 10/31| 600| 10/31| 600| | | | | | | | Unearned Service Revenue| Supplies Expense| 10/31| 400| 10/20| 650| 10/31| 470| | | | Service Revenue| | | 10/17| 2,100| | | 10/31| 1,650| | | 10/31| 400| | | | Instructions: Reconstruct 3 transaction entries and 4 adjusting entries. P4.3. (Irregular Items) Maher Inc. reported income from continuing operations before taxes during 2012 of $790,000. Additional transactions occurring in 2012 but not considered in the $790,000 are as follows. | | 1. | The corporation experienced an uninsured flood loss (extraordinary) in the amount of $90,000 during the year. The tax rate on this item is 46%.| 2. | At the beginning of 2010, the corporation purchased a machine for $54,000 (salvage value of $9,000) that had a useful life of 6 years. The bookkeeper used straight-line depreciation for 2010, 2011, and 2012 but failed to deduct the salvage value in computing the depreciation base.| 3. | Sale of securities held as a part of its portfolio resulted in a loss of $57,000 (pretax).| 4. | When its  president died, the corporation realized $150,000 from an insurance policy. The cash surrender value of this policy had been carried on the books as an investment in the amount of $46,000 (the gain is nontaxable).| 5. | The corporation disposed of its recreational division at a loss of $115,000 before taxes. Assume that this transaction meets the criteria for discontinued operations.| 6. | The corporation decided to change its method of inventory pricing from average cost to the FIFO method. The effect of this change on prior years is to increase 2010 income by $60,000 and decrease 2011 income by $20,000 before taxes. The FIFO method has been used for 2012. The tax rate on these items is 40%.| | Instructions: Prepare an income statement for the year 2012 starting with income from continuing operations before taxes. Compute earnings per share as it should be shown on the face of the income statement. Common shares outstanding for the year are 120,000 shares. (Assume a tax rate of 30% on all items, unless indicated otherwise.) Time Value of Money Problems BE6.5.Sally Medavoy will invest $8,000 a year for 20 years in a fund that will earn 12% annual interest. If the first payment into the fund occurs today, what amount will be in the fund in 20 years? If the first payment occurs at year-end, what amount will be in the fund in 20 years? BE6.7.John Fillmore’s lifelong dream is to own his own fishing boat to use in his retirement. John has recently come into an inheritance of $400,000. He estimates that the boat he wants will cost $300,000 when he retires in 5 years. How much of his inheritance must he invest at an annual rate of 12% (compounded annually) to buy the boat at retirement? BE6.8.Refer to the data in BE6.7. Assuming quarterly compounding of amounts invested at 12%, how much of John Fillmore’s inheritance must be invested to have enough at retirement to buy the boat? BE6.12.Maria Alvarez is investing $300,000 in a fund that earns 8% interest  compounded annually. What equal amounts can Maria withdraw at the end of each of the next 20 years? BE6.14.Amy Monroe wants to create a fund today that will enable her to withdraw $25,000 per year for 8 years, with the first withdrawal to take place 5 years from today. If the fund earns 8% interest, how much must Amy invest today? Bad Debt Expense Entries BE7.4. | | | Wilton, Inc. had net sales in 2012 of $1,400,000. At December 31, 2012, before adjusting entries, the balances in selected accounts were: Accounts Receivable $250,000 debit, and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts $2,400 credit. If Wilton estimates that 2% of its net sales will prove to be uncollectible, prepare the December 31, 2012, journal entry to record bad debt expense.| BE7.5. | Use the information presented in BE7.4 for Wilton, Inc. (a) | Instead of estimating the uncollectibles at 2% of net sales, assume that 10% of accounts receivable will prove to be uncollectible. Prepare the entry to record bad debt expense.| (b) | Instead of estimating uncollectibles at 2% of net sales, assume Wilton prepares an aging schedule that estimates total uncollectible accounts at $24,600. Prepare the entry to record bad debt expense.| | Non-Interest Bearing Note Receivable BE7.7.Dold Acrobats lent $16,529 to Donaldson, Inc., accepting Donaldson’s 2-year, $20,000, zero-interest-bearing note on 1/1/2012. The implied interest rate is 10%. Prepare Dold’s journal entries for the initial transaction, recognition of interest each year, and the collection of $20,000 at maturity. Inventory Errors (From Moodle Notes Ch. 8) 1. Merchandise purchased on account in 2010 was not recorded until 2011, when the company’s bookkeeper received an invoice for $5,430. The shipment had arrived and was counted in physical inventory at the end of 2010. a) What entry was NOT made in 2010? b) What adjusting entry was made at 12/31/10? c) What is the correcting entry in 2011? 2. Goods costing $22,000 were shipped f.o.b. shipping point by a supplier on December 28, 2011. The company received the invoice and recorded it on December 29; however, the goods were not included in the physical count of inventory since they were in transit. a) What entry was correctly made in 2011? b) What incorrect adjusting entry was made on 12/31/11? c) What is the correcting entry in 2012? BE9.2. Lower of Cost or Market Floyd Corporation has the following four items in its ending inventory. Item| Cost| Replacement Cost| Net Realizable Value (NRV)| NRV less Normal Profit Margin| Jokers| $2,000| $2,050| $2,100| $1,600| Penguins| 5,000| 5,100| 4,950| 4,100| Riddlers| 4,400| 4,550| 4,625| 3,700| Scarecrows| 3,200| 2,990| 3,830| 3,070| | Determine inventory value and record loss using allowance method. BE9.7.Gross Profit Method Fosbre Inc.’s April 30 inventory was destroyed by fire. January 1 inventory was $150,000, and purchases for January through April totaled $500,000. Sales for the same period were $700,000. Fosbre’s normal gross profit percentage is 35% on sales. Using the gross profit method, estimate Fosbre’s April 30 inventory that was destroyed by fire.

Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Krispy Kreme Doughnuts - Case Study Example Dunkin Dollars is one of the strongest donut chains worldwide enjoying the sales of forty fiver percent from the market. Tim Hortons is a Canada based company which has international operations in many countries. What Dunkin Donuts did to boost up its sales and earn customer loyalty was to focus more on selling coffee and other beverages instead of donuts. Dunkin Donuts became a strong brand in the market in less time than expected. Credit for this probably goes to their strong advertisement campaigns, attractive slogans and drive thru service. Tim Hortons, although not as popular as Dunkin Donuts and Krispy Kreme, is a top brand for donuts in Canada and New York. Apart from the direct competitors, indirect competitors such as bakeries, cafes and retailers play a vital role in challenging the profits of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts. Although the competition in the industry is growing but Krispy Kreme is fairly satisfied with the revenue it generates from its franchises by selling donut mix es, donut making equipments and royalty. The Organization Krispy Kreme owns a simple organizational structure. It relies heavily on the revenues it earns from its franchising strategy. With this strategy, the company is in a way a little relaxed because major responsibility falls on the shoulders of Krispy Kreme’s franchise owners. Moreover, the franchising option comes with a little risk and more revenue generating methods such as selling authentic donut mixes, donut manufacturing equipments, franchising fees and royalties. Brand image of Krispy Kreme was outstanding so it was never difficult to attract franchisers from various locations. The overall strategies pursued by Krispy Kreme were not really suitable in the competitive environment. This is because they focused only on the sales of donuts-a confectionary item which is sold by a number of bakeries and cafes. So the product was easy to imitate. Whenever Krispy Kreme opened up its franchise in any new area, it brought b enefits to the competitors. Donuts, being an average confectionary item have never gained so much attention among the public. With the opening of Krispy Kreme, people gained awareness on how good and light can little donuts make them feel. So indirectly, the sales of competitors rose up. In the mid of year 2004, it was announced by Krispy Kreme that they are launching an inquiry into the accounting system and later in the same year they reported some accounting errors that were expected to cause a drop the annual sales and net income from an estimated 2.7 percent to 8.6 percent.. The same year, the share price of Krispy Kreme dropped from forty dollars to the range of 10 to 13 dollars per share. This was a huge setback for Krispy Kreme. Time had come when the company’s top heads seriously need to think of ways to save the company from drowning. Marketing Strategy It must be admitted that Krispy Kreme does not have a well developed marketing department so their marketing effor ts are limited. The company only relies on its advertisement campaigns, most of which are associated with the opening of new stores. They also earn revenue from local publicity, newspapers and majorly from word of mouth. When new outlets of Krispy Kreme are opened, media does free publicity and communities associated also become a part of this event. Although Krispy Kreme was opening